SECTION 128.34. English I for Speakers of Other Languages (One Credit), Adopted 2017

(a) General requirements. Students shall be awarded one credit for successful completion of this course. Recommended corequisite: English Language Development and Acquisition (ELDA).

(1) The essential knowledge and skills for English I for Speakers of Other Languages (ESOL I) are described in §74.4 of this title (relating to English Language Proficiency Standards) as well as subsection (b) of this section and are aligned to the knowledge and skills and student expectations in Chapter 110 of this title (relating to Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills for English Language Arts and Reading) with additional expectations for English language learners (ELLs).

(2) ESOL I may be substituted for English I as provided by Chapter 74, Subchapter B, of this title (relating to Graduation Requirements). All expectations apply to ESOL I students; however, it is imperative to recognize critical processes and features of second language acquisition and to provide appropriate instruction to enable students to meet these standards.

(b) Introduction.

(1) The ESOL Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) embody the interconnected nature of listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking through the seven integrated strands of developing and sustaining foundational language skills; comprehension; response; multiple genres; author's purpose and craft; composition; and inquiry and research. The strands focus on academic oracy (proficiency in oral expression and comprehension), authentic reading, and reflective writing to ensure a literate Texas. They are integrated and progressive with students continuing to develop knowledge and skills with increased complexity and nuance in order to think critically and adapt to the ever-evolving nature of language and literacy.

(2) The seven strands of this course mirror the essential knowledge and skills for English language arts and reading, which are intended to be integrated for instructional purposes and are recursive in nature. Strands include the four domains of language (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) and their application in order to accelerate the acquisition of language skills so that students develop high levels of social and academic language proficiency. Although some strands may require more instructional time, each strand is of equal value, may be presented in any order, and should be integrated throughout the year. Additionally, students should engage in academic conversations, write, read, and be read to on a daily basis with opportunities for cross-curricular content and student choice.

(3) Text complexity increases with challenging vocabulary, sophisticated sentence structures, nuanced text features, cognitively demanding content, and subtle relationships among ideas (Texas Education Agency, STAAR Performance Level Descriptors, 2013). As skills and knowledge are obtained in each of the seven strands, students will continue to apply earlier standards with greater depth to increasingly complex texts in multiple genres as they become self-directed, critical learners who work collaboratively while continuously using metacognitive skills.

(4) ELLs are expected to meet standards in a second language; however, their proficiency in English influences the ability to meet these standards. To demonstrate this knowledge throughout the stages of English language acquisition, comprehension of text requires additional scaffolds such as adapted text, translations, native language support, cognates, summaries, pictures, realia, glossaries, bilingual dictionaries, thesauri, and other modes of comprehensible input. ELLs can and should be encouraged to use knowledge of their first language to enhance vocabulary development; vocabulary needs to be in the context of connected discourse so that it is meaningful. Strategic use of the student's first language is important to ensure linguistic, affective, cognitive, and academic development in English.

(5) Current research stresses the importance of effectively integrating second language acquisition with quality content area education in order to ensure that ELLs acquire social and academic language proficiency in English, learn the knowledge and skills, and reach their full academic potential. Instruction must be linguistically accommodated in accordance with the English Language Proficiency Standards (ELPS) and the student's English language proficiency levels to ensure the mastery of knowledge and skills in the required curriculum is accessible. For a further understanding of second language acquisition needs, refer to the ELPS and proficiency-level descriptors adopted in Chapter 74, Subchapter A, of this title (relating to Required Curriculum).

(6) Oral language proficiency holds a pivotal role in school success; verbal engagement must be maximized across grade levels (Kinsella, 2010). In order for students to become thinkers and proficient speakers in science, social studies, mathematics, fine arts, language arts and reading, and career and technical education, they must have multiple opportunities to practice and apply the academic language of each discipline (Fisher, Frey, & Rothenberg, 2008).

(7) Statements that contain the word "including" reference content that must be mastered, while those containing the phrase "such as" are intended as possible illustrative examples.

(c) Knowledge and skills.

(1) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, discussion, and thinking--oral language. The student develops oral language through listening, speaking, and discussion. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) engage in meaningful and respectful discourse by listening actively, responding appropriately, and adjusting communication to audiences and purposes;

(B) share prior knowledge with peers and others to facilitate communication;

(C) follow, restate, and give complex oral instructions to perform specific tasks, answer questions, or solve problems and complex processes;

(D) give a presentation using informal, formal, and technical language effectively to meet the needs of audience, purpose, and occasion, employing eye contact, speaking rate such as pauses for effect, volume, enunciation, purposeful gestures, and increasing mastery of conventions of language to communicate ideas effectively;

(E) participate collaboratively, building on the ideas of others, contributing relevant information, developing a plan for consensus building, and setting ground rules for decision making;

(F) develop social communication and produce oral language in contextualized and purposeful ways; and

(G) conduct an interview, including social and informative.

(2) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--beginning reading and writing. The student develops word structure knowledge through phonological awareness, print concepts, phonics, and morphology to communicate, decode, and spell. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) acquire, demonstrate, and apply phonetic knowledge; and

(B) write complete words, thoughts, and answers legibly.

(3) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--vocabulary. The student uses newly acquired vocabulary expressively. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) use print or digital resources such as glossaries or technical dictionaries to clarify and validate understanding of the precise and appropriate meaning of technical or discipline-based vocabulary;

(B) discuss and analyze context and use cognates to distinguish between the denotative and connotative meanings of words and phrases;

(C) determine the meaning of foreign words or phrases used frequently in English such as bona fide, caveat, carte blanche, tête-à-tête, bon appétit, and quid pro quo;

(D) identify and use words that name actions, directions, positions, sequences, and locations;

(E) identify, understand, and use multiple-meaning words, homographs, homophones, and commonly confused terms correctly; and

(F) investigate expressions such as idioms and word relationships such as antonyms, synonyms, and analogies.

(4) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--fluency. The student reads grade-level text with fluency and comprehension. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to adjust fluency when reading grade-level and language proficiency-level text based on the reading purpose.

(5) Developing and sustaining foundational language skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking--self-sustained reading. The student reads grade- and language proficiency-appropriate texts with increasing independence. The student is expected to self-select text and read independently for a sustained period of time.

(6) Comprehension skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student uses metacognitive skills to both develop and comprehend increasingly complex texts. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) establish purpose for reading assigned and self-selected texts;

(B) answer and generate questions about text before, during, and after reading to acquire and deepen understanding and gain information;

(C) make and correct or confirm predictions using text features, characteristics of genre, and structures;

(D) create mental images to deepen understanding;

(E) make connections to personal experiences, ideas in other texts, and society;

(F) make inferences and use evidence to support understanding;

(G) actively participate in discussions to identify, understand, and evaluate details read to determine key ideas;

(H) synthesize information from two texts to create new understanding; and

(I) monitor comprehension and make adjustments such as re-reading, using background knowledge, asking questions, and annotating when understanding breaks down.

(7) Response skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student responds to an increasingly challenging variety of sources that are read, heard, or viewed. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) describe personal connections to a variety of sources, including self-selected texts;

(B) write responses that demonstrate understanding of texts, including comparing texts within and across genres;

(C) use text evidence and original commentary to support a comprehensive response;

(D) paraphrase and summarize texts in ways that maintain meaning and logical order;

(E) interact with sources in meaningful ways such as labeling, notetaking, annotating, freewriting, or illustrating;

(F) respond using acquired content and academic vocabulary as appropriate;

(G) discuss and write about the explicit or implicit meanings of text;

(H) respond orally or in writing with appropriate register, vocabulary, tone, and voice;

(I) reflect on and adjust responses when valid evidence warrants;

(J) defend or challenge the authors' claims using relevant text evidence; and

(K) express opinions, ideas, and feelings ranging from communicating single words and short phrases to participating in extended discussions.

(8) Multiple genres: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--literary elements. The student recognizes and analyzes literary elements within and across increasingly complex traditional, contemporary, classical, and diverse literary texts. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) identify and analyze how themes are developed through characterization and plot in a variety of literary texts;

(B) identify and analyze how authors develop complex yet believable characters in works of fiction through a range of literary devices, including character foils;

(C) identify and analyze non-linear plot development such as flashbacks, foreshadowing, subplots, and parallel plot structures and compare it to linear plot development; and

(D) identify and analyze how the setting influences the theme.

(9) Multiple genres: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--genres. The student recognizes and analyzes genre-specific characteristics, structures, and purposes within and across increasingly complex traditional, contemporary, classical, and diverse texts. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) read and respond to American, British, and world literature;

(B) identify and analyze the structure, prosody, and graphic elements such as line length and word position in poems across a variety of poetic forms;

(C) identify and analyze the function of dramatic conventions such as asides, soliloquies, dramatic irony, and satire;

(D) identify and analyze characteristics and structural elements of informational texts such as:

(i) controlling idea and clear thesis, relevant supporting evidence, pertinent examples, and conclusion;

(ii) chapters, sections, subsections, bibliography, tables, graphs, captions, bullets, and numbers; and

(iii) multiple organizational patterns within a text to develop the thesis;

(E) identify and analyze characteristics and structural elements of argumentative texts such as:

(i) clear arguable claim, appeals, and convincing conclusion;

(ii) various types of evidence and treatment of counterarguments, including concessions and rebuttals; and

(iii) identifiable audience or reader; and

(F) identify and analyze characteristics of multimodal and digital texts.

(10) Author's purpose and craft: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student uses critical inquiry to analyze the authors' choices and how they influence and communicate meaning within a variety of texts. The student analyzes and applies author's craft purposefully in order to develop his or her own products and performances. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) identify and analyze the author's purpose, audience, and message within a text;

(B) identify and analyze use of text structure to achieve the author's purpose;

(C) identify and evaluate the author's use of print and graphic features to achieve specific purposes;

(D) identify and analyze how the author's use of language achieves specific purposes;

(E) identify and analyze the use of literary devices such as irony and oxymoron to achieve specific purposes;

(F) identify and analyze how the author's diction and syntax contribute to the mood, voice, and tone of a text;

(G) identify and analyze the use of rhetorical devices, including allusion, repetition, appeals, and rhetorical questions; and

(H) identify and explain the purpose of rhetorical devices such as understatement and overstatement and the effect of logical fallacies such as straw man and red herring arguments.

(11) Composition: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--writing process. The student uses the writing process recursively to compose multiple texts that are legible and use appropriate conventions. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) plan a piece of writing appropriate for various purposes and audiences by generating ideas through a range of strategies such as brainstorming, journaling, reading, or discussing;

(B) develop drafts into a focused, structured, and coherent piece of writing in timed and open-ended situations by:

(i) using an organizing structure appropriate to purpose, audience, topic, and context; and

(ii) developing an engaging idea reflecting depth of thought with specific details, examples, and commentary;

(C) revise drafts to improve clarity, development, organization, style, diction, and sentence effectiveness, including use of parallel constructions and placement of phrases and dependent clauses;

(D) edit drafts using standard English conventions, including:

(i) a variety of complete, controlled sentences and avoidance of unintentional splices, run-ons, and fragments;

(ii) consistent, appropriate use of verb tense and active and passive voice;

(iii) subject-verb agreement;

(iv) pronoun-antecedent agreement;

(v) apostrophes to show possession;

(vi) accurate usage of homonyms;

(vii) correct capitalization;

(viii) punctuation, including commas, semicolons, colons, and dashes to set off phrases and clauses as appropriate; and

(ix) correct spelling, including abbreviations;

(E) use sentence-combining techniques to create a variety of sentence structures and lengths;

(F) develop voice; and

(G) publish written work for appropriate audiences.

(12) Composition: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts--genres. The student uses genre characteristics and craft to compose multiple texts that are meaningful. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) compose literary texts such as fiction and poetry using genre characteristics and craft;

(B) compose informational texts such as explanatory essays, reports, and personal essays using genre characteristics and craft;

(C) compose argumentative texts using genre characteristics and craft; and

(D) compose correspondence in a professional or friendly structure.

(13) Inquiry and research: listening, speaking, reading, writing, and thinking using multiple texts. The student engages in both short-term and sustained recursive inquiry processes for a variety of purposes. Based on the student's language proficiency level, and with appropriately provided English language development scaffolding, the student is expected to:

(A) develop questions for formal and informal inquiry;

(B) critique the research process at each step to implement changes as needs occur and are identified;

(C) develop and revise a plan;

(D) modify the major research question as necessary to refocus the research plan;

(E) locate relevant sources;

(F) synthesize information from a variety of sources;

(G) examine sources for:

(i) credibility and bias, including omission; and

(ii) faulty reasoning such as ad hominem, loaded language, and slippery slope;

(H) display academic citations, including for paraphrased and quoted text, and use source materials ethically to avoid plagiarism;

(I) incorporate digital technology when appropriate; and

(J) use an appropriate mode of delivery, whether written, oral, pictorial, or multimodal, to present results.

Source Note: The provisions of this §128.34 adopted to be effective November 12, 2017, 42 TexReg 6164; amended to be effective August 1, 2019, 44 TexReg 3858